The men were sleeping in their restaurant when fifteen armed men arrived. The shooters separated intogroups. According to Abiib Aw Axmed Caateeye who was present during the shooting, the shooters went inside the restaurant and purposely shot overhead so that one of the sleepingpersons would take his sheets off, exposing his head. Abiib got up to escape and collided withone of the assailants. The assailant’s gun fell out of his hands and Abiib ran away. He said, “When the person was recognized and his clan identified, he was shot in the head.”A man of the Cabdiraxman Sacad clan who was sleeping that night in the same room as the victims, and several others belonging to other clans outside of Gadabuursi lineage wereescorted to safety by the marauders. Non-Gadabuursi villagers had left the area the day before—after receiving information about the killing that was supposed to take place that day.Two of the killers were identified by a witness as Daahir Cali Ducaale of Jibri Abokor,  sub-lineage of Xareed and sub-sub- lineage of Dhabar. The second killer, Carab Cali Ismaaciil came from the same lineage. According to a second witness who did not identify himself said that, it can verify that the Army commander of Somaliland, General Nuux Ismaaciil Taani organized this clan militia to kill these men. His statement was based on the fact that the shells of the bullets used in the killings came from the Somaliland armory. Nuux Taani also is a cousin of the twomen who participated in the killing. They both belong to the sub-lineage of Dhabar/Xareed/Jibri Abokor. The witness stated that General Taani runs both the National army and the clan militia believed to be terrorizing people in the village of Seemaal.When the message reached Suldaan Saleebaan Cali Ismail that several of his kinsmen weredead in Seemaal village, he addressed his people and the people of Somaliland. He said, both“enemy and camel caravans only come from the direction you expect” (Col iyo dhaanba halkii lag eegayo ayey ka yimaadaan). He pointed out that General Taani, the “man who lives on thehill” is behind these crimes. The elder also believes that the other men behind the crime include Muuse Cabdi Biixi, the Kulmiye political party head; Abiib Diiriye Nuur (Timocad), advisor to President Siilaanyo; the Reer Nuur elders who assured people with the so called peace between Reer Nuur and Reer Xareed; and those who came to Borama recently to erect a monument of peace dedicated to what local citizens view as the history of the Somali National Movement monument.

The message to the Reer Nuur clan was that you cannot fight a government militia with ten boys. Suldaan Saleebaan asked for three days so that he couldaddress the issue with Siilaanyo, the current president of Somaliland. He asked his people tostay put and promised that on the fourth day he would head to the mountain himself. He agreed to do whatever was necessary even if it meant they all died. Suldaan Saleebaanconcluded his remarks by demanding that General Taani be removed from his position.The pugnacious General denied the accusations. He said that the victims were his maternal cousins and part of his kinship, so the finger should not be pointed at him. He felt the elders ofAwdal should restrain themselves. He noted that if it were alleged that he committed this crime, the country has agencies that are responsible for investigating. However, a Sultan whoclaims to be the chief of all chiefs in Somaliland, Maxamed Suldaan Abdilqaadir said there was a man currently detained for these crimes whose name is Sheekh Maxamuud Raage. He statedthat he was told by General Taani and Abiib Diiriye Nuur, advisor to President Siilaanyo, not tomake a peace deal with the clans. These men must be interviewed about their involvement inthis issue. The Sultan also said that Maxamuud Raage must be further questioned about this issue, noting that the two men have pressured and incited his clan not to make a peacefulagreement in reference to the crimes of 2009.President Ahmed Maxamed Maxamuud (Siilaanyo) dispatched his military commander, GeneralTaani; Foreign Minister Mohamed Abdillahi Omar, Interior Minister Mohamed Nuur Caraale, and Chief of Police Saqadhi Dubbad to the town of Gabiley to meet with some of the elders of Gabiley.

The very same General who accompanied the delegation to Gabiley has been found to be behind the crimes. In fact the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mohamed Abdillahi Omar and a clan relative of General Taani held a conference with their elders and extended clan members. When the meeting was complete Omar held a press conference assuring Gabiley that everybody would be working together to arrest the culprits. The main perpetrator was right there in the meeting! The outcome of the meeting was that the President would announce the resignation of his general after two individuals who were part of the fifteen that conducted the crime were arrested and said that General Taani ordered the killings of Seemaal.

The President forced him to resign, but allegedly General Taani indignantly tore up the letter ordering him tostep down. The General who was the main orchestrator of this violence may even now be planning toorganize additional clan-based guerrilla warfare. Resignation alone is not acceptable. General Taani must be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. The criminal investigation must proceedwith a public hearing to question him and the others who collectively planned these crimes. Thethirteen remaining individuals who were ordered by Taani to conduct this violence must bearrested and be brought in to give testimony. The charges against them include using a national army and weapons to orchestrate ethnic crimes with state assets. The criminal investigations must also include his lower ranking officials who were responsible for the releaseof ammunition from the armory. Independent investigators must be dispatched to Seemaal tocollect further evidence and testimony from families and individuals evacuated from the areaprior to the crime. It is essential to determine the extent to which they collaborated withTaani’s clan militia. A neutral force consisting of all clans must be brought in to keep peace. The entire unit that was under Taani’s leadership must be disbanded and removed from the Seemaal area.Prominent party members of Kulmiye, the ruling party, and Reer Xareed clan elders face seriouscharges. The highest officials of the state are involved in such crimes. Because this crimeinvolved members of state institutions and extended family members, an independentcommission should take jurisdiction of this conflict. All regional clan representatives, intellectuals, and civil servants of Awdal must resign and return home to chart their own course of action without Somaliland assistance or intervention. No amount of blood money (mag) isacceptable when the state is involved in the crime and continues to appoint former guerrillafighters to positions of authority, which seriously undermines stability and security. General Maxamed Xassan Cabdillahi (Jidhif), former Somali National Movement (SNM) leader and head of the Red Flag (Calan Cas) Unit has been appointed to be the head of the Military of Somaliland. The new general comes from the clan of Dalal, Jibri Abokor lineage. The likelihood of General Maxamed remaining neutral between Jibri Abokor and the Reer Nuur lineage is highly questionable. The appointment s of generals is carried out unilaterally by the president. There is no consultation with the Guurti (House of Elders) and the Guriga Wakiiladda (House ofRepresentatives). His appointment will not be conducive to the safety and security of Gabiley and the Awdal region, especially in areas where clan real estate is mixed and requires a careful balance of leadership, and the impartial administration of justice. It requires an individual that brings no baggage from the era of the civil war, and must exclude those who were on the frontline, those who were responsible for the destruction of peace, and those who createdenmity among the people.Two things must be avoided in Gabiley and the area bordering the Awdal region: (1)appointment of a clan adversary, and (2) the creation of militias that are prominently from one family. The best approach would be to assign a civilian administrator, an individual who is neither Isaaq nor Gadabuursi. This administrator would be impartial in the future relations ofthe clan families, able to fairly resolve the long standing disputes over farming, wells, politicalpositions; and the balancing of civil servants, military, police, courts and all other facets of the country.

Finally the people of Awdal should be treated as shareholders in the state, not simplyfigureheads appointed as window dressing. If the shareholding arrangement is not beneficialto the interest of the people of Awdal, then each group will have to withdraw its share and take it somewhere else where they will gain more safety and security for their own people. Many of the elders and intellectuals have chosen to be with Somaliland, but without genuinerepresentation and ownership of their land, safety and security, it will not be possible tomaintain peace and stability. Somaliland should be shareholder, not a family entity that tries towin supporters from other clans through bribes and rewards of ministerial positions. The sharing and allocation of all state resources and positions must be undertaken with fairness, fullconsultation, integrity and good citizenship.

Jaafar M. Sh. Jama

As a relative of the victims, I can understand that the first thing that comes to the afflicted community’s mind is to take things into their own hand and revenge. In the absence of an effective government, revenge and retaliation were once the only nuclear deterrents that the Somalis knew. Not to retaliate for your dead ones was and can still be considered as a sign of weakness if not sheer cowardice in the Somali context. Men of peace, particularly at times of heightened tensions are looked down as wimps, while belligerent men who rally the clan behind the Tollaayeey and Aabbahay Goblan banners are seen as heroes.

It is not easy to control one’s emotions in the face of such calamity, and the easiest, most emotionally immature choice is to take the gun and revenge; because anyone, even a child or idiot, can grab a gun and kill people, but not everyone can take the most difficult route and snatch peace out of the jaws of death. The gun-toting war hero can win a battle at the cost of dozens even thousands of lives lost but the peace hero wins victory by sparing equally as many lives from imminent death. Aggressive violence and war come easy but at a high cost. One should look at what is at stake in a war; death and destruction. Yes, one might believe they are living in dignity and some can argue that death is sometimes better than living in indignity, but in cases like that of Kalabadydh and Seemal it is the murderer who lives with indignity and not the living relatives of the victims.  Cowardly terrorists who sneak in under the cover of darkness and cold-bloodedly murder innocent sleeping people and travelers are devoid of all dignity. They are indeed a shame on the community they hail from and it’s the duty of their community and the families they came from to do what’s right, allow and support our police department to thoroughly investigate this act of violence and hand over any suspected parties for judicial judgment. But to answer their heinous act by killing other innocent people is equally abhorring no matter how honorable it might look in tribal traditions.

My intention of writing this short piece is therefore to commend the Gadabursi Community for trading the empty pride one feels in taking revenge and killing to the real pride and dignity that comes with being peace heroes rather than war heroes in dealing with the Kalabadydh daylight murder. I would also like to call upon them again this time to resort to their renowned wisdom and tradition of taking the dignified but difficult route to peace in dealing with the Seemaal killings. It is quoted of Somaliland’s former President Rayaale to have said: “Dagaal Ducaan Ka Doortay…” ( I rather choose prayers over war…) As despicable and wimpy as that might look to the bellicose psyche of the Somalis, it indeed reflects a moral high ground and the epitome of wisdom and intellectual maturity.

I say this while demanding justice for the victims slaughtered in Seemaal. We all demand justice for him and those before them. The Sultans of Awdal have unequivocally said this. The Sultans of Gabiley and Hargeisa have said it. The opposition and government political leaders have said it. The wise men and women of Somaliland have said it.

Justice should be done and done quickly and the government should keep its promises to apprehend the murderers and bring them before a court of law. Safeguarding the security of its citizens is one of the fundamental and national responsibilities of the government. These recurring, cowardly and terrorist acts are a threat not only to the national security but will also destroy the bond and cohesion between the community and will in turn cause a great damage to the reputation and image that Somaliland has built over the years as a peaceful oasis.

The steps the government has taken so far and the unanimous condemnation and shock expressed by the different quarters of the Somaliland community are all welcome and highly reassuring, but it is the sole responsibility of the government to turn its words into action and bring the criminals of the Kalabaydh and Seemaal to justice. This should be a matter of national priority for the government and it should devote all its resources to that cause instead of using live ammunition on peaceful demonstrators and arresting and imprisoning community leaders for exercising their right for free speech.

Bashir Goth

Email: bsogoth@yahoo.com

Source: http://hanua.blogspot.com/

“Qabiilku Naxariis Ma Leh, Qabiil Dawlad Kuu Sheegtayna Waa Lagu Baaba’aa” (Jeneraal Yusuf Tallan- Dec.1999)

Wadhaf News-December 7, 2011: Dhacdadii lagula kacay dad guryahoogii nabad ku jiifa habeenkii bishu ahayd 5tii December 2011 ee gacan dhagaraysan ku mirtay saddex muwaadin Tuulada Seemaal, wuxay ka turjumayaa dhaqan waxashnimo oo la caadaystay, aadamuhuna u dul qaadan Karin. Cambaarayn ka sokow waa wax la nacdalo kuwii fuliyay, kuwii ka dambeeyay iyo kuwa ka gaabsanaaya inay wax ka qabtaan.

Ka hadlimaayo oo waa laga wada dharagsan yahay sifaha xawayaanimo ee dhagarqabeyaashu u dileen saddexda muwaadin ee kale ah:

Ismaaciil Muxumed Caateeye
Dayib Maal Axmed
Cumar Dayib Maal ( Waxaa dhaley Marxuunka labaad)

Waxaan Mujaahidiinta saddexda ah Ilaahay uga baryaynaa inuu Jannadiisii ka waraabiyo, anagoo tacsi tiiraanyo iyo murugo weyn leh u gudbinaynaa qoysaskii, eheladii iyo dhamaan dadka reer Awdal gaar ahaan dadka Degmada Baki iyo Tuulada Seemaal ee Saddexda Marxuun ka baxeen, waxaanan Raxmaanka uga baryaynaa inuu samir iyo iimaan buuxa ka siiyo shuhadadaa xaq darada lagu diley.

Dhacdadan oon ahayn mid curad ah waxay markhaati ka tahay jiritaan la’aanta nabadgelyo inkastoo taniyo 1991kii dad aaminsanaayeen in nabad laga yagleelay Somaliland. Dhacdadan oo salka ku haysa tii la midka ahyd ee dhacdey 11/07/2009 oo lagu xasuuqay dad safar ahaa. Dhacdadaa laba sano ka hor la sameeyay oon wax xal ah loo helin ayaa sahashay in maantana tii mid la mid ah isla dadkii dhagarta hore u gaystay ku mireen dad guryahoogii jiifay.

Maamulkii hore ee Somaliland dhacdada hore wax uu ka qabtay ma jirin wax baadhitaan ahna lama furin, kuwii laga galayna sidii umusha ayay degdeg u ilaaween dhagartii laga galey. Waxqabla’antaana  Cid masuul ciidan ah ama boolis ah oo loo nisbeeyay ma jirin, wax siyaasi ah oo dusha laga saarayna ma jirin balse waxaa cad in eeda ay iska leeyihiin siyaasiintii markaa joogtay iyo dadkii ay ka dhasheen dadkii la gowracay. Siyaasiintu maaha kuwa beesha dhexe oo kaliya balse waxaa ku jira kuwa Awdal oo uu ugu horeeyo Rayaale oo maamulkiisii xal u waayay dhacdadii jidgooyada. Dhaqanku soo ma ahayn haddii dawlad wax kuu qaban waydo in ninkii wax tabayaa inuu isagu dantiisa ku tooso oo uu dul tago cidduu tuhmayo? Maxaa diiday ama diidanaa? Waa su’aalo mudan in laga jawaabo…

Maamul cusub ayaa ka dhashay Somaliland balse madaxda ciidanku iyo booliskuba waa kuwii dhacdadii hore maareeyay ee wax kiisa ah furi waayay, inkastoy dhacdad hore ku riixi karaan amar ay ka waayeen dhinaca Madaxtooyada. ( Waxaan ognahay in dadkii ka fakadey dad qalatada ee markhaatiga ahaa boolisku waraysanin una diideen in wax wareysiya saxaafada siiyaan).

Dhacdadan maantu waxay u eegtahay in la go’aansadey oo la qorsheeyay in si joogto ah loo fuliyo hawlo argagixiso leh oo keena in dadka degganka ku nool ka qaxaan dhulkooda damacu dul saaran yahay, qorsheyaashaa oo dadka maleegay shaadh ciidan ama mid dawladeed huwan yihiin.

Mashkuladuna waxa weeyi marka falalkaas dhagaraysan la fuliyo dadkii dhibta loo gaystay waxaa loo lulaa calan dowladeed oo loola tagaa ereyo ku guubaabinaaya in dawladu wax qaban doonto si ay u joojiyaan inay aargoostaan. Balanqaadkaas dawladu wuxuu noqdaa hal bacaad lagu lisay. Su’aashu waxa weeyi ilaa gormay socon doontaa farsamadaa dhinac qudha lagu dulmayaa?

Aqliga saliimka ah ma garan waayin in Maamulka Soomaliland yahay mid cadaalada ka fog taniyo maalintii Boorama lagu yagleelay. Ciidanka dawlada lagu sheegaa waa ciidan beeleed, qaab-dhismeedkiisana waa la hayaa iyo madaxda guutooyinka oo dhamaantood reer qudha ka soo wada jeeda.

Taliyaha Ciidanka oo cidna ka qarsoonayn inay isku qoys yihiin ragga dhagartii hore iyo tan Seemaal fuliyay inuu ilaa maanta madax ka ahaado ciidan dawlad lagu sheegaayo waa qayral-sharci, waxayna ku muujinaysaa in la kala fog yahay, wax xal ahna lagu talo galin. Waana halka su’aasha wayni ka taagan tahay.

Haddii Maamulka Somaliland rabo inuu hab dawladeed wax u maareeyo, talaabada ugu horeysaa maahaa mid la laba-labeeyo, balsewaa qodob xaq ah:

Waa inuu si degdeg ah xilka uuga qaadaa ninka ciidanka haysta, dacwadna lagu furaa. Waayo isagoo ah taliyaha ciidanka ma garan waayin inuu dawlada farta ugu fiiqo nimanka ilma-adeeradiiya ee gacmaha dhiiga ku leh. Siduu markaa masuuliyadaa u haynkaraa? Xaqiiqadaas mayna tusaale u ahayn inuu xagga sharciga laftiisu yahay dambiile?

Taa marka la helo waa in ciidanka qaab dhismeedkiisa dib loogu noqdo oo taliska ciidanka ay ka mid noqdaan dadka Somaliland wada dagaa. Haddan taasi iman Karin, arrintu way cadahay, waana mid ku khaysbaysa dadka dhagarta laga galay inay tashadaan, naftooda iyo maalkoodana daafacdaan.

Dawlad wax la yidhaa ma jirto mar haddii muwaadinku ku aaminayn naftiisa. Naftiisa iyo xoriyadiisa haddii dawladu difaaci waydo waxaa waajib ku ah muwaadinka inuu dawlada kala noqdo kalsoonidiisa una halgamo sidii naftiisa iyo maalkiisa isagu u difaaci lahaa, waana qodob ku cad xeerarka dawliga ah iyo Shareecadda Islaamka. Maanta Awdal waa jidka u banaan haddii isbadal baaxad leh Maamulka Somaliland dadka ku qancin waayo.

Xalku kuma koobna dadkii fal dhagareedkan iyo kii hore galey oo maxkamad la keeno, xalku wuxuu ku jiraa isbadal salbalaadhan oo ciidanka beelaysan ka dhigi  ciidan ummadu isku aaminto oo ay iska dhex aragto, waxaana ugu horeeya ninka taliyaha ah oo xilka laga qaado laguna furo dacwad xaq ah.

Dadka reer Awdalna mid gaar ah iyaa hortaal oo ah cashar wayn: Dhowrkii bilood ee u dambeeyay arrimihii micno darada ahaa ee muujiyay foolxumadiina waxaad galiseen dadaal badan oo dhinac walba ah, waxaana ka soo baxay ceeb aan horey loo arag.  Quwadii iyo xusul-duubkii aad galiseen soo meel kuma haboonayn? Doqooniimo kugu raagtaybaan, cidi dabiibayne, aan xisaabtano.

Wadhaf News

The prolonged drought has resulted in the depletion of ground water and foliage for livestock, making it almost impossible to farm. The roads are rough and it takes days to reach the outskirts of urban centers like Baki and Borama where people go in hopes ofreceiving food and shelter. The villagers who end up in these makeshift spaces are increasingdaily while conditions continue to look bleak. The outcry of these people has been heard and limited assistance provided, but only by people among the Diaspora who have done their best to answer the appeal. Emergency food supplies, shelter and medicine need to reach these families immediately before there is a complete, far-ranging spread of the emerging famine. Non- governmental organizations and the United Nations Office for Somalia must take action to prevent further deterioration within the emerging camps of the displaced people. The Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) website and IRIN Somali Radio Station must live up to their mission statement, which is to provide media attention to whatever is otherwise “uncovered, misunderstood, or ignored.” Unfortunately, these media outlets have failed to report on the large and growing influx of families from the Awdal and Selel regions of Northern Somalia (Somaliland). I urge the UN office in Nairobi to immediately send food aid, water, tarps for shelter, as well as supplies and person power for the construction of sanitary facilities. The crisis has gone far beyond local capacity and resources to meet the increasing needs. The needs of the hungry arethreatening to swallow up this region. I urge the United Nations Office of Somalia to provide large amounts of food aid, to assist in the establishment of feeding centers and basic health services, including immunizations for children; clean, potable water; shelter for misplaced families; veterinary care, including inoculation of the few remaining animals; and assistance in relocating and reestablishing these communities so they can return to their livelihood.Please write to the United Nations organizations and offices whose addresses appear below to appeal for help in halting starvation in Somalia, and to help this new influx of refugees byproviding access to food, water, shelter, medical supplies and veterinary assistance so their lives can return to normal.Public Information OfficeUnited Nations Political Office for Somalia P.O. Box 48246 00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya. Fax: 254-20762-2697 or 6816 Email: unpos_pio@un.org Website: http://www.unpos.unmissions.org

It is concrete fact thata concrete fact that western intellectual history always begins with theancient Greeks. The Greeks that educated the Romans and, after a long darkage, it was the records of these same Greeks, kept and studied by the Muslimand Jewish scholars as well as Christian monks that educated Europe once again.

There other amazingcivilizations such as the Phoenician (Al-Finiiqiyiin), or the Carthaginian(Carthage-Al-Qardaaj), Empires who were authoritarian and centralizedcivilizations. Unlike the Phoenician and Carthaginians, the Greeks weredemocratic and much more decentralized states. Their city states such asSparta, Athens, Macedonia and others were more democratic.

Buddhism by itself wasthough a sophisticated philosophy but it was an oral philosophy for a very longtime. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews also wrote alphabets, which was prettymuch composed of drawings. The Phoenician writings or alphabet also was made upof drawings. The drawings represent words. The Phoenicians have passed theiralphabet to the Greeks, who made a lot of improvements on the drawings, whichwere mostly consonants instead of words. The Greeks improved on the idea andadded vowels. In ancient Greek city states and before the invention of the alphabet,writing was the main stay of the upper class only. In the case of thePhoenicians reading was an exclusive exercise for the merchant class only.

The Greeks, on the otherhand, were divided into many small city-states, each one unique for its ownright. They were fiercely independent, always bickering and often fightingbetween themselves. In general terms, disagreement seem to be disadvantageous,but when it comes to diversity and even conflict, It can be invigorating.Consider that when Greece was finally united under Macedonian rule, the flurryof intellectual activity slowed.  And when the Romans took over, it becameentirely extinct. Metaphysic was the first philosophy of the ancient Greeks. Itdeals with, ‘What is the world made up”, what is the ultimate substance of allreality.”

The Greeks were thefirst people who developed metaphysics which was one of the early philosophies.It means “true” reality (noumenon) of course under the apparent reality(phenomenon). The Greeks have made huge contribution to world education. Theircontribution was multifaceted and voluminous. They played a big role inscience, mathematics, philosophy and warfare. The Greek language is the basiclanguage for science and mathematics. The Majority of root words in science,and mathematics are of a Greek origin. Early philosophies such as morality,idealism, ethics, metaphysics, empiricism, logic and rationalism were alsostarted by the Greeks.

The renaissance inEurope or the reawakening was an era where people have made great emphasis oneducation, art, philosophy, science and mathematics. The renaissance also madeuse of the works of the great philosophers such as Aristotle, Pluto,Socrates, and many others. This huge thrust forward for Europe has pavedthe way for the preeminent 16th century Europe science pioneerssuch as Sir Isaac Newton, Gel olio, Archimedes, Caprinicous, Priestley,Mendeleev, Schwann and others. These scientists also lead into thelegendary scientists of the 20th century, such Warren Heisenberg (The uncertainty principle) Albert Einstein (Relativity-E=MC2 E. stands for energy, Mass-stands formass, and C is the speed of light squared). Max Plank was one ofthe preeminent scientists who discovered the revolutionary quantum mechanics that has almostmade the three years old Newtonian classical physics obsolete. Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming discoveredantibiotics.  Several discoveries were also made towards the understandingof the microscope, bacteria, viruses and other disease causing agents. Theatom was well understood by discovering the sub atomic particles such as theprotons, neutrons, and electrons. Theelectrons were discovered by a British chemist J-J. Thomson in 1896, protonswere discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1908, and the neutrons werediscovered by James Chadwick. Following those discoveries the limitlesspower of the atom was harnessed by a process called nuclear fission wherebyradioactive atom’s nucleus was split whereby the gigantic or energy insideits nucleus is unleashed. Organ transplantation and blood transfusions alsobecame a routine phenomenon. The departed 20th century was a century of greatdiscoveries.

The above informative summary clearly and stepby step puts into perspective the origins of western civilization, where itstarted, the events that contributed or gave rise to its start, and how it waseventually spread to all over Europe and beyond. In the same token here inSomaliland a similar phenomenon took place. The ancient civilizations startedin one spot but eventually spread to all parts of Somaliland. The peopleresiding in this part of the world have a deep history in terms of politics,military, religion, sophism/mysticism, and education. Our people were alwaysvery conservative and devote Muslims who are practitioners of all the tenants Zuliaand the teaching of Islam. Vivid and concrete witness of our deep religiosityis the numerous tombs for so many great religious scholars and educatorsthroughout the landscape of our land. The cluster of tombs for famous religiousscholars, military commanders kings, imams and other rulers. In its longhistory, and within the span of one thousand plus years, there were about 32government dynasties that ruled Zeila. More intriguing and complex than Zeilais its ancient twin the other holy city of Harrar also in its long s ruled by asuccession of 18 dynasties. Zeila was the center of enlightenment education,religion, commerce, foreign contact, folklore, music and cuisine. Though theonce resurgent ay empire ceased to exist long time ago, the legacy of thesecivilizations can be seen today in Borma, Lughaya, Hargeisa, Gabiley, Berbera,Burao, and in other smaller hamlets, villages and beyond. The intellectual curiosity,the great love of education, the deep sentiments for civic engagement andself-sufficiency can be traced backs its roots to the Zeila civilization.
Pre-colonial era

From the he 14th hundreds to the 18th centurywhen the European colonial powers came to Somaliland, education was basicallyan Islamic oriented education ranging from all subjects such as science,mathematics, astronomy, Islamic education, Arabic and the like. In the majorcities of the Ifat empire which later became Adel empire ( Imbaraa-DooriyatAl-Adal, which means the empire of justice). The twin cities of Zeila andHarrar once called the cities of light were two great centers of education,where students used come for education, enlightenment and guidance from partsof the Horn of Africa and beyond. For further education the graduates of theInstitutes of higher learning from Zeila and Harrar used to go to the greatAl-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, the Levantine region (Bilaad-Alshaam), andthe Arabian Peninsula (Mecca and Medina). The students from Zeila used to havetheir special and exclusive hostel in Al-Azhar University. ( MasabiihAl-Absaar)

I am encouraging the young generation to go outthere and dig for their proud, deep civilization shich is out there tobe discovered. The best places to find that illustrious civilization is inZeila, Sa’adin, Ceebat, old Amoud, Darbiyada and many other places, Istanbul,Turkey, AL-Azhar University archives, and from the Portuguese militaryarchives.  Almost all of huge Zeila archive were stolen or burned bythe Abyssinians during their multiple aggressions against Zeila,Ifat, and the Adel empires. The Adel Empire and its voluminous and illustrioushistory. The reason Zeila became the target by Portuguese, British, and theFrench was due to its great enlightenment, knowledge, greatness, education,culture and leadership.

Education in the Second Somaliland Republic, the Independence era

Education have has made huge progress and a fastleap forward for the last 29 years, following the struggle for independence.Somaliland education have shown huge progress in all levels of education, be itthe K-12, Quaranic schools, or the college education. The childrengoing to Somaliland schools have exponentially grown. Mult

pile elementary, middle, and high schools were builteverywhere around the country. Currently there are about ten Universities andseveral technical, electronic, and computer colleges. The breakdown of Somaliland Universities are as follows: Borama two, Hargeisa more than five, Burao one, Berbera one, Eirgavo one, and Las Anod one. By  any  education standards, the concentrations of Somaliland Universities is very high. This shows Somaliland’s superfluous devotion, enthusiasm, and thirsty for education. This is a still rapidly growing sector in Somaliland.

In conclusions Somaliland is a Somaliland Universities are as follows:  nation that has a very long, rich, and illustrioushistory of education. The education in this country goes back more than one thousand years. it wentthrough multiple stages, situations, and challenges.

Thefast paced education in all levels going on in Somaliland is not something thatstarted from a vacuum. It came from pre-existing full-fledged education that hasall its levels.

Suleiman Egeh, a freelance writer, and a senior scienceinstructor

Waxaan la kulmay wakhti uu u sucdo siminaar madaxwaynayaasha kilimada ethopiya  ,oo ka mid yahay  mudane cabdi maxamad, oo loogu qabtay caasidamada Itoobiya adisabas,waxaan  shir qabtay uu kula hadlayo ardayda jaamacadah ,ka dhigata adisababa ee  udhashay, Ithoobiya madaxwaynaha kilinka shanaad  mudane  cabdi maxamed cumar , wuxuu kala hadlay sadex arimood:

1)   waxaa uu ka dalhay tayanta ardayda waxa barashad

2) kobcinta ganacsiga iyo dhaqaalaha

3)   nabadgalyo oo la xoojiyo an tahay asaaska nolasha fiican

4) war bixin sanduuq talo bixin

wuxuu xukumaa madax waynahu sagaal gobal, wuxu magacaabay dagmooyin  cusub gadaal ayaan ka soo  sheegi  waxa lagu noqdo gob al hadii ilaahay yidhaa

1)  waxaa loo baahan tahay   dad tiro badan in uu leeyahay
2)   dhaqaale  in uu is bixin kalo gobalku
3)   soohdin  xad entee ku fadhiyaa  imasa maagalo tuulo iyuu xukumi karaa,
Waxaa la ii sheegay  magaalad awbare in ay leedahay  sadexdaa qodab , waxaa jiraa gobadalad qaar u magacaabay  madaxwaynuhu sida  qalaafe   in ay ka dadbadan tahay awbare,   markaa ku dhacay dacwadii  ay odayadu wadeen  muasharaxa  cabdirashiid  ugaas rooble, mayaanayn ahayn, meeshii uu xooga saarilahaa gobalkan, meeshii uu ka ahaa musharaxa ugaaska abiihii ee uu ka talinay miyaanu ahayn, isna wa ugaas samaroon markuu Ithoobiya jooga, maxaa dhacay oo saylac iyo  lughaya yaala - Xeebaha meelo ka mid ah waxaa wada dagaan, ciise iyo samaroon; Dalka dhinaca bariga iyo galbeedka Gebilay waan wada daganahay, sida reermaxamed iyo reer xareed , reer nuur iyo reer xareed; Bahabar Muuse iyo Jibril Abokor.

Markaa wuxuu musharaxa ugaasku rabaa dad nabad kuwada nool  in fitno dhexdhigo, mise dad la haysto ayuu xoraynayaa?  Waxaa looga baahan yahay,kilinka shanaad in gobal ka raadiyo kuwan ,hadhaw ayuu xorayn,mida kale waxaa nahay dad muslim ah been isku sheegno maaha, waxaa jira magaalad sheeddheer waxaa laga furay meel qaxooti, dadka qaar looma ogala siiba wadaadada waxaa yidha waxaa xakunta UNHCR oo yadaa waxsiisa markaa ,waxaa laga furay school  diinta  masiixiga lagu barto – waliba  waxaa la ii sheegay in joogaan 20 qof oo gaaloobay, baahi awgeed, waxaa la ii sheegay, wiil yar oo Xariirad ku nool oo  gadabuursi ah, oo abiihii u yimaado, oo yidhaa ninkaa cad ee wax isiinaya ayaa  aabo ii ah dadka dibada jooja ee muslinka ah waxaan leehay waxaa, la inoo waydaartay dalkii, waxaa tagay baki, xamarta, waxaa ka shaqeeya hayda kirstan oo la  yidhaqaan Hargaysa  waxaan hajka isku soo raacnayn nin wadaad oo aad u cadhaysan wuxuu   waxaa la qaybiyaa caagag firii si  sinadu ,u badato, waxaa ku yaal kilaabyo aan Canada ku oolin, waxaa dawladu waxba kama qaban karto, waa haydaha waxaa ku caaweeyaa ayey yidhaahdaan.

Waa badhi hebal, waa xafladii so dhawaynt shaqaale, waa xalafii xafiis cusub waa waxaa lagu mashquuliyey,  waxaan sheegi maaha  been waxaa joogaa xaj maxaa ka heliyaa ,dad muslinka ahaw indhaha fara ama haw kilinshanaad ama  Somalilnd ama somaliya dadku waxay badi uwad shaqeeyaan waa hay’ado markaa waxaa u daran wax ay cunaan.

Sidaa ula socda,  waxaa  xaamud cali cilm (wariye madax banaan ) hada jooga maka

1)  gobalka jigjiga  waxay xakuntaa  1-kebribayah 2) awbare 3)harshin 4)babli 5) gursuum

2)shinle  3) dhagax bur 4) fiiq 5)  liibaan 6) goday 7) afdheer qoraxay  9) wardheer

la soco waxaan soo qori gobal walba waxa  uu xakum iyo wax shardi ah,

wariye madax banan Xaamud Cali (hamud13@hotmail .com )

asalaamu calaykum waraxmatulaahi wa barkaat

The forces of humanity that removed three long time super weight dictators such Mubarak, Zhine Al-Abidine and Qadaffi is not a force that can be under-estimated. This is the force of true liberation movements similar If not more motivated than those forces led by Mao Zedong that have swept away nationalist China in 1949, the force led by the legendary uncle Ho Chi Minh between 1945-1975, who defeated three imperial forces, the French, Japanese, and the Americans. The revolutions going on between Morocco to the Gulf are seismic changes.

The next in line dictators that may meet the faith of the above named dictators are Assad of Syria, Saleh of Yemen, and Bahrainis’ dictators. This revolutions will not stop, and those dictators that will try to slow down the revolutions, if not  stop the raging revolutions is all also busy and working hard. Reports alluding to Middle East and African dictators paying tons of money to PR companies in the United States are emerging. This is the worst time in history to be a dictator.

Thank us for the internet revolution, because everything they do is doumented through so many different ways, and there is no way for them to hide. No dictator will be left behind by the raging massive revolutions. No matter what they do the powerful forces in the Middle East are shifting tectonic places, and there is no force that can stop it. This the cumulative effect of about one hundred years of disappoint, busted dreams, and  hijacked struggles, taken over by western-backed self-styled despots. The era of dictators, cronies, and impostors is over.

Zaylicipress Analysis

Throughout the Arab Spring the narrative of democratic change sweeping through the Arab world
played well in the international media. And in Libya those opposing the Gaddafi regime had a territorial base in Benghazi and spokespeople in the public eye that could engage with the media.

When they marched on Tripoli the media followed, ostensibly embedded with the rebel fighters. That proximity helped the leaders of Libya’s National Transitional Council (NTC) control the media message. But now that the Gaddafi regime has fallen and the country is in the hands of the NTC, journalists are having to shift their focus. No longer is the narrative dominated by the fight for Libya but rather who and what is left to run it.

Quick hits from Newsbytes: The government in Syria amends the country’s media laws but critics are not impressed; a former policeman is charged with plotting the murder of Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya; an Ecuadorian journalist flees the country after being found guilty of defaming President Correa; and WikiLeaks claims its website was cyber-attacked in the wake of its biggest release so far of confidential US diplomatic cables.

Since the beginning of the Arab revolutions, embattled regimes have faced a barrage of criticism in the press. To counter this, Arab dictators have employed the services of western PR companies to clean up their image. Consulting companies like the Washington-based Qorvis Communications and the London-based Bell Pottinger have been quietly working for governments in Yemen, Syria and Bahrain.

For these companies, as the bad press has grown worse for these governments, business for them has improved. But their work has pushed them into unfamiliar territory – under the spotlight and some have had to defend their business deals. The Listening Post’s Meenakshi Ravi takes a look at the spin-doctors working behind the scenes in the Arab spring.

You have probably all heard the clichés “if it ain’t broke don’t fix it” or “there’s no need to reinvent the wheel”. People in the film business are certainly familiar with the concept and apply it on a regular basis, especially in film trailers. Because when studios need to squeeze 90 minutes of plot and character into a two minute sales tool, the cliches are turned out thick and fast. A comedy website called Cracked.com noticed the formulaic film trailer and created one of their own. Even though it is just a compilation of clichés you still get the feeling that you have seen that film before. With more than a million hits online it is ourintrnet Video of the Week.  We hope you enjoy the show.

Source: Aljazeera English

Introduction: The Libyan revolution was sparked by the Tunisian and Egyptians revolutions that have ousted their long reigning rulers in a very short period of time, and with relatively less loss of life and property.

Of course there was a precedent to the Libyan revolution. Wide spread grievance against the Kaddafi dictatorship existed, but the arresting of a lawyer advocating by the families of 1200 men massacred in the Abu-Salim prison in Tripoli was the spark, or the trigger point of the revolution if you will. The Libyan revolution went through three major stages: 1. The Massive demonstrations stage. 2. Revolution spread to Miserata and western mountain and 3. The Final push to capture Tripoli. 4. Analysis and conclusion

1.     The Libyan revolution started with Massive demonstrations: The entry of the Libyan liberation fighters into Tripoli was a brilliant military strategy that may be a great lesson to be taught in the international military academies in the coming years. The revolution started six months ago. The Libyan people tried to get their basic rights for freedom. The post-colonial Arab and African dictators are not used to hear such demands. Therefore, as usual they responded with brute force, because such tactics worked for them for a very long time. The problem is the once effective tactics did not work this time. In Tunis and Egypt, the citizens demanding freedom and liberty were largely peaceful, and the two dictators used some measure of brute force, but they have been eventually ousted from power without too much blood. In Libya, things went along a different route; the long time weird dictator used massive force to crush the peaceful freedom demonstrators. His brutal actions and atrocities against the peaceful demonstrators have convinced the long oppressed Libyan people, the only way to defeat him is to pick up the gun and fight against the dictator. Kaddafi resorted to brute force aimed to crush the popular uprising. In the first days of the February 17, revolution, the demonstrators have attacked military bases, government buildings and Kaddafi’s secret services head quarters. In less than a week, the people of Benghazi and eastern Libya have wrested almost all eastern Libya away from the hands of the dictator. In a short time, a Transitional Libyan Council was formed. The council acted as the political wing of the revolution. Many people died in those events. The later were the beginning of an armed peoples’ uprising against Kaddafi. Kaddafi counter attacked with heavy weapons and fighter aircraft.

By the time his forces were so close to Benghazi, the capital of the newly liberated eastern Libya, the Security Council has passed a resolution for imposing a no fly zone on him. Immediately French planes started patrolling the Libyan skies, and attacked the huge Kaddafi forces that were threatening Benghazi. The French air offensive have destroyed large portion of Kaddafi’s forces and forced them to retreat to Ajdabia.

2. Revolution spread to Miserata and Western Mountains: In the next few months the armed insurgency has spread to Miserata and the western mountains, and In Tripoli, things were different because as the center of the Kaddafi dictatorship, the freedom fighters were brutally crushed, that has forced them to go underground, organize, smuggle, and stockpile weapons. Their hope was to come out of the wood work and strike at the right moment.

What has happened in Libya was the dictator’s 19th century tactics have backfired on him, and eventually precipitated his violent down fall.The people of the Nafuusa Mountains took up whatever little arms they put their hand on, and took up positions way up in the mountains. The Qaddafi forces laid seize around their cities, and get engaged in a discriminate shelling of their towns for several months.  Civilian became hunkered down in their villages, and towns, and the lucky ones have fled through the Tunisian border which is close to them. The Qaddafi forces cut off food, fuel, and all the necessary supplies from their cities. Slowly the Nafussa mountains newly formed fighters undergo military training, and in a short while started engaging Kaddafi forces from the mountains. Their great knowledge of the terrain and their strategic location has given them a lot of advantage over the better-equipped and more numerous Qaddafi forces. Slowly but surely they keep on breaking out from the siege the brutal Qaddafi forces have inflicted on their land. One after the other they liberated Zintan, Jadu, Nalut and other towns. Besides being training their own Nafuusa mountains fighters, they were also training fighters from Tripoli, Zawiye, Sarman, Saparata, Garyan, Beir Al-Qanam, Tiji and other Western Libyan towns and villages. As their training become better, and their acquirement of some weapons ranging some from outside Libya, and taking some weapons from the Qaddafi forces, the multiple Nafuusa mountain fighters became superior, battle hardened fighters. Early last week they started advancing into Qaddafi held territory from three directions

The warrior freedom fighters swept through a huge territory, and captured more than dozens of cities, towns and villages has buzzled military experts. This new offensive was led by the fighters from the Nafuusa mountain range, a chain of mountains that start from the Tunisian-Libyan border that ends up south of Tripoli. Berber people called here the “Amazigh”, a non Arab minority oppressed historically oppressed by different rulers of Libya in general, and by Kaddafi in particular. There is no development projects conducted in their land. When the February 17 Libyan uprising and revolution was started in Benghazi, the people of Nafuusa Mountains immediately came out in the thousands and demanded the ouster of the long reigning eccentric and mercurial dictator.

3. The Final push to capture Tripoli: A multipronged offensive led by the Nafussa mountains warriors started in the early hours of last Saturday, 13 the of August. In a week of fighting the Libyan liberation forces have liberated all Zawiye including the strategic oil refinery. One group headed south west to the strategic city of Zawiye, another group headed north west to the strategic coastal towns of Sarman and Saparata, and the third group headed south to Qaryaan a large military garrison stationed at the foot of  the Nafuusa mountains.The massive Nafuusa mountains offensive was coordinated not only with the western mountains, but throughout Libya. All of a sudden the huge Nafuusa mountain offensive started simultaneously in multiple places in western Libya, and at the same time in the eastern Libyan town of Brega, Twerage, Ziliten, Tarhuna, and other small villages. This massive offensive have taken the over stretched Qaddafi force by surprise and they quickly lost enormous ground. That surprise attack has put the Kaddafi forces in a very difficult situation. By Saturday 13th of August they entered the cities of Zawiye, Surman, Saprata, Garyan, Turhuna, Twarege, brega, and Tarhuna. Moreover, the world was surprised regular military forces with wearing uniforms, and carried on personnel carriers, tanks, multiple rocket launchers which were all painted with something similar to the new Libyan liberation flag. In a few days of fighting the rebels now virtually cut off Tripoli from the outside world. They are closing in on Tripoli from the west, south, and the east. That gave them a lot of momentum. At zero hours, on the 21st of August, 2011, in coordination with fighters inside Tripoli, the offensive to take over Tripoli has began. The plan was the fighters from Tripoli to start the fighting, then outside forces will attack Tripoli from three sides, Zawiye in the west, Qaryan in the south, and Miserata from the east, the later came through the sea, and landed at the Tripoli suburb of Tajura. That is a brilliant and well-planned military strategy. Most of the fighting has happened between Kaddafi forces and the Tripoli brigade, who were local freedom fighters from Tripoli. By the time, the outside forces from Zawiye, Qaryan and Miserata entered the city, they faced very little. Kaddafi forces basically threw away their uniform and fled.

4. Analysis and conclusion: The realignment and reconfiguration of the failed post colonial state has just started. The multiple peoples’ revolutions in the Middle East is a reflection or a prelude if you will to seismic changes that are underway in the Middle East. Those changes will eventually spread to Africa, and may eventually spread out the whole world. Besides Libya peoples’ revolutions, or struggles for freedom are currently raging in Yemen, Syria, Algeria, Bahrain, Mauritania, Jordan, Oman, and others. The second tier revolutions will eventually reach the Gulf Sheikhdoms who are awash with petro-dollars and still buying time.  Dictator such as Mugabe and all other African dictators who congregate under a so-called African Union, a country club of dictators must take notice. It is a matter of time before these blood sucking despots will be swept away by the rising torments of peoples’ revolutions. In Libya the armed revolution basically raged in three major fronts for about six months. All the three fronts have witnessed bitter and deadly fighting. Among these three fronts, Miserata was the deadliest and bloodiest battle.

Suleiman Egeh: Freelance writer, and a senior science instructor

Quote: “Civilizations did not happen in a vacuum, they are build by people. There is no civilization in the world that is without people. We are the builders of the Adel civilization. “Adel” civilization is not built by Arabs but by us. We know where the graves of our ancestors who built Zeila are. Nobody can take that civilization away from Gadaboursi, and Esse, and to some extent Isaaq also. We ready to defend what is ous physically, politically, and economicall.  ” Where are the Arabs who ostensibly built the “Adel” civilization? No where to be seen. That shows that argument is a baseless lie.”

Aduunyada Majirtu Xadaarad iyo Taqaafad aan Dad Lahayni. Anaga Ayaa Dhisnay Xadaaradii “Adel.”  Xadaaradii Adel Carabi Madhisin. Xabaalihii Dadkayagii Dhisay Zeila Bay Kuyaalaan, Waanan Naqaanaa Ninwaliba Halka U Ku Aasanyahay. Anaga oo ah Dadka Maantana Digan Zeila Ayaa Xadaaradaa Disnay. Cid Ka Qaadi Karta Gadabuursi, iyo Isse Majirto Xadaaradaa. Waa Dad Af Iyo Adinba Difaaci kara Waxa Ay Xaqa u Ileeyihiin. Meeday Carabti distay Adel, Xagay Qabteen. Maxay Zeila Loogu arki waayay. Waxay taasi Kutu Saysaa Inay doodaasi Tahay Been an Sal iyo Raad toona Lahayn.”

We will not hesitate to vehemently rebut and shoot down the lies of those, who are bent to distort our history and civilization. We have our unique, and way of life for centuries. Our scared land is heavily dotted with historical sites, the tombs, and burial grounds of our yesteryear leaders, religious scholars, poets, and kings, Did you ask yourself where are the Arabs today, often paraded by our enemies? These enemies sometimes mention ancient Zeila as a place of civilization.To the preeminent builders of that civilization and especially the Gadaboursi, their attachment to that civilization is deeply ingrained in their culture, tradition, religion, education, folklore, poetry, cuisine and their way of life in general.

History is not an stagnant discipline, it is a dynamic and effervescent element that is constantly changing, but in many ways, it is also a circular event or events that repeats itself over and over again.  If you want to see what I am talking about, look at the people of the Republics of Somaliland and Djibouti, one can see and feel, the deep cultural, religious and educational sophistication of these countries and their people. That is not happening in an vacuum. It is symptomatic of the civilized heritage of these people.

We are usually a reliable and latively objective website who do not respond to names, but to issues. In the case we see someone distorting our history, we speaks out and make things straight. There are people who are still hang up with the former doomed and murderous regimes of the Horn of Africa who keep on distorting history, but the people of the center of civilization of history and education in Somaliland will never shrink from responding, when charlatans disfigure our history. In such instances we will vigorously and with pride defend our history. Such people should not be allowed to get away with lies and distortions.

This same man once mentioned many the clans he spoused that reside in “Jinasaneh,” but never mentioned the presence of Gadaboursi there. For your information Jinasaneh is hemmed by Gadaboursi land from all sides. Nearby Janasaneh also are citiies and towns of Borama, Dilla, Aw-Barre, Lafa Esse, Arabe and others. Recntly he hit again and said the “Adal civilization was an Arab civilization and his tribe were Ahmed Gurrey’s soldiers and omitted Gadaboursi and Esse the tribes that live Ahmed Gurey;s headquarters and military campaigns. He said Ahmed Gurrey army were Garre probably a very tiny subclan in the Jigjiga area he said Imam Ahmed Gury army was xomposed of Mareehaan, Garre, other tribes I never heard about, and Hababer Magadleh, and Mareehaan. He falied to mention the people who are the indigenous people of Zeila, who have substantial presence in Harrer at the time. None of the people he said were in Ahmed Gurey’s army never lived in Zeila or Harrer. The areas they  traditionally dwell is fr away from Zeila. Gadaboursi and Essa were the predominate indigenous people of Zeila then and now.

The gentleman talked about “Adel” civilization but may be due to deeply seated clannish mentality lied and did not mention the people who were live there, and also are drivers of that Adel civilization. The “Adel” civilization was not a vacuum. the Gadaboursi and the Essa inherited the folklore, civilization, cuisine, conservative religious ideals, and education from the Adel civilization. The ancient people of Zeila, and the ciurrent indigenous people of that place are not a cake walk, they could be both powerful friends and formidable foes. From your constant lies about their history you regard them as your formidable enemies it appears. We are people capable of defend what is theirs quite vigorously. I have to sum up my thesis by saying there was never a civilization without people, and “Adel;” civilization was ours. Through a word of mouth, passed from generation to generation, their attachment to “Adel” civilization and its attributes  of culture, education, religious studies, cuisine, is deeply ingrained in their psyche.

The modern “Awdal” region of the of the Republic of Somaliland got its name from the ancient Adel empire.”

As welcome as this step may be, many conscientious Somalilanders, and other Somalis as well, may see it as too little too late.

As the world, moved by the unimaginable extent of human suffering caused by drought and war in Somalia, rushed to secure shelter, food, medicine and comfort for the tens of thousands of barely walking human skeletons arriving Mogadishu and Somalia’s neighboring countries,
Somaliland decided to watch the unfolding catastrophe of its kin and kith with shameless indifference.

For almost a month since the UN officially declared famine in the regions of Bakool and Lower Shabelle of Southern Somalia on July 20, 2011, starving Somalis trekked to neighboring Kenya and Ethiopia while tens of thousands were internally displaced in Mogadishu and elsewhere.

All this time, Somaliland authorities stayed silent. They even failed to issue a statement expressing their grief for the pain and suffering of the Somali people. No one expected Somaliland to airlift relief supplies to Somalia but everyone expected and wished if they could show some sort of solidarity with their brethren such as expressing their readiness to receive starving Somalis fleeing from war and drought to the peaceful land.

In a situation where the UN says one child dies every six minutes, Somaliland should have been the first to be shocked by the tragedy of the Somali mothers burying their emaciated children one after the other as the walk to seek help. It should have been the first to mobilize the world, the first to open its ports and airports for international aid, the first to share their meager resources with their famished fellow Somalis.

But the Somaliland administration waited for Ambassador Augustine Mahiga, The UN Special Representative for Somalia, to visit them in Hargeisa and appeal to them to help their Somali brethren.

And now after the entire world has rushed to the rescue of the Somali people, and after the entertainment and sports celebrities launched the Bob Marley campaign under the title ‘I’m Gonna Be Your Friend’ which is expected to reach a global audience of over 700 million in Facebook and Twitter, Somaliland authorities saw the opportunity to jump on the bandwagon and get their share of the limelight and international focus.

Somaliland has missed a golden opportunity to reach out to their fellow Somalis, to heal the wounds of the past and to build bridges of future cooperation and brotherhood, an opportunity to pause and reflect on the realities around them; and above all Somaliland has missed an opportunity to prove to the Somali people and to the world at large that the peace and stability of Somaliland is more boon than bane for the Horn of Africa.

Bashir Goth

For further reflections:

1. A Somali mother’s sad lullabay to her
   child: Ha iga ooyine aamu
2. Spare a Moment

Bashir Goth

Amoud University 10th graduation ceremony on July 27, 2011

Introduction: The human need of education is a fact acknowledged by many circles that includes ancient Greek philosophers, ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Romans, modern educators, and other experts in varieties of fields.

Its huge importance to humans is mentioned in the holy Quran, Bible, and Torah. There is nothing in the world like education. Without education the human mind would have been a very narrow and show. Education gives people guidance and perspective. There is be little or no intellectual depth, critical thinking and analytical power.

In Amoud, July 27 was a day of reckoning. It was a day parents, students, teachers, administrators, and the people residing in Amoud, Borama, and beyond were waiting for a very long time. It was  a day graduating student long held dream was to be realized student long held dreams. it was an electric day, it was a day of run away emotions. It was a shallow. Any casual visitor or observer will feel the superfluous excitement, expectations, and enthusiasm in the atmosphere. The emotion and excitement of the graduation ceremony signifies, how the people of this land hold education to a very high esteem. One can see the uncontrollable happiness and enthusiasm on the faces of the young graduates, parents, family members, and friends. One can see the run away electricity in the air. Republic of Somaliland’s president, his excellency Ahmed Mahamoud Silaanyo has participated in the graduation ceremony. I may add the president of the Republic was warmly welcomed to Borama, and Amoud.The president has dispensed the degrees to the young graduates. Great speeches were delivered. All those speeches boiled down to two main points, keeping the unity, and  working for the welfare of their country.

Background Information and history

I won’t spent much time on the founding of the great Amoud University. We know the place was the center of education for almost 60 years. Since the opening of the first elementary school in British Somaliland protectorate in 1932. The famous school was founded by his excellency the legendary religious scholar, chief judge, and author Sh. Abdul-rahman Sh Nuur. That was followed by the opening of the “VTC” (Vocational Training Center), in 1946. The “VTC” was composed of a Teacher’s Training Institute and Clerical Training Institute. This was the place “British Somaliland protectorate’s” teachers and office administrators were used to be trained. In “1952, the British regional educational officer Mr. C.R.V. Bell and along with Haji Jama Muhumad have laid the first stone for the famous Amoud University. In that day the construction of the legendary Amoud University was started. Today you can see the stone still out there at the bottom of the building that directly faces Amoud University chancellor’s office. After laying of the stone, the inscriptions on that famous stone are as follow, ” This stone was laid by C.R.V. Bell.” in 1952. That will give you a glimpse of the educational tradition of the beautiful Amoud valley.

I will like to add education to those human needs.Education is the nourishment of the brain, and mind. It cultivates the crooked minds of humans, which by nature has a dark side left over from the pre-historic age, such as urges, and propensity of violence, irrationality,extreme cruelty, mental, intellectual shallowness, and sometimes, has the potentiality to succumb to some many other negative forces and demons. Education cultivates the mind, expands their narrow horizon, tames human wild tendencies, and nourishes the brain. Human mind without education is akin to a land devastated by famine and the depletion of water.

What some ancient Greek philosophers has said about education

Quotes:

“For we soon reap the fruits of literature in life, and prolonged       indulgence in any form of literature in life leaves its mark on the moral       nature of man, affecting not only the mind but physical poise and intonation.” Pluto

“The object of knowledge is what exists and its function to       know about reality.” Plato

The Greek philosophers wisdom and what they said about education has inspired two 20th century American pioneers,  John Dewey, and Froebel. John Dewey and Froebel have influenced the American educational concepts in the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries.

Suleiman Egeh: Freelance writer and a senior science instructor

I researched Adal, the Islamic kigndom that existed between Eritrea all the way  to Coastal City Berber and Saylac.

I thought Adal was mostly Afar and Arab kingdom,  but I’m suprised Somalis have connection to Adal.

When and where Adal  Empire was born:

It was on the 13th century that came to the light, in Horn  of Africa, one of the strongest Empire that existed in East Africa. Adal Empire  had its origine in the city of Zeyla, situated until today in the northern  region of the former Democratic Republic of Somalia. The father of that State
was King Omar D. Ahmed (nicknamed Aw-Barkhadle). The king who had a long live,  occupied the throne for many years. When he passed away, he left behind him many  children, mainly males. Among them, the successors to the throne who inherited  the kingdom. Later, Adal Empire became an Islamic Empire that expanded the  religion of Islam with determination, into the entire Horn of Africa. Remarked  by its faithful actions, other Islamic States in the world called Adal Empire  “Diraasal-Islaam”.

During the centuries that followed, Adal Empire was  engaged into many wars against the Abysinians (Habasha), where thousands and  thousands individuals died. At that time, Adal Empire became the most loved  Islamic State among the entire Islamic Nations because of its determination to  its cause; its strong judicial system and its faithful expansion of Islam into  the territories of Abyssinians and Galas (Oromos). At that period of time, Adal  Empire had a strong alliance with the Ottoman Empire of Turkey, while the  Portuguese supported the Abyssinians.

Geographical location of Adal Empire:

In order for you to better situate the indications that will be mentioned,  you are invited to refer to the Map of Africa in 1808 as well as other maps.  Saying that, to the North, Adal Empire was situated up to the region of Danaakil  (actually, North of the Republic of Djibouti, populated by Afar people). While  to the South, the empire had its border up to the region of Ras-Xaafuun  (actually called Hays and Maydh, located in today’s Region of Sanaag). From the  East, Adal Empire as well as the actual State of Awdal, had the entire code  facing the Red Sea while to the West, it was situated up to the Region of Shawa  (in Ethiopia), also called Shawa at that time. In fact, Shawa was the base of  the Kingdom of Abyssinia and today, it’s the home of its descendents leaded by  the Ethiopian government, with its capital city of Addis-Ababa.

Composition of Adal Empire:

Adal Empire was composed of seven (7)  States. According to the size of their land and the military forces of each  state, here is their names: Ifaad, Dawaaro, Araabiini, Hadaya, Sharqa, Baali and  Daara, where each of them had its own government. Please refer to the map titled
Map of Adal Empire (13th century). The largest and strongest State Ifaad, known  from Egypt and “Shaam” as Zeyla’s land, became later the dominant and the  central one with its capital city of Zeyla. Ifaad will lead the entire Empire  and will face many challenges. According to the historians of that period, Ifaad  was large as 20 days of walk from North to South and 15 days of walk from East  to West. Its military force was composed of 15000 cavaliers and 20000 of  infantries.

In his book titled “Masaalikal-Absaar”(this is in Somali  spelling), the Egyptian author, Subhul Ahsha mentioned that Zeyla (Saylac) was the  nucleus city of Adal Empire. Continuing into the description of this city, he  added that Zeyla was “The City of Light”, which had many Mosques and many  schools, where all kind of subjects were taught. In fact, Mr. Ahsha described  Zeylac as “The Place” where one can acquire any kind of knowledge that may be  taught in that period of time. The author added in his description that the  people were 100% Muslim. Mr. Ahsha said that they were gathering in large number  into the Mosques of the city, as faithful believers to Islam. According to this  writing, these Mosques could be compared to the municipal libraries that can be  found today in big cities of our century. In addition of that, schools were  places where people use to enjoy meeting, share knowledge, discuss about social  issues and debate intellectually. As a matter of fact, Zeyla was known as the
place where the knowledge was at the merci of everyone.

Well, now that  you understand the value of Adal Empire, it is reasonable that you ask what did  happen to that great Empire, how did it collapse? Who were the people living  under the ruling of that great Empire, well known by its strong judicial system?  Who were in fact the civilized nation living in that period of time and what did  become their descendants? For the time been, I need your patient in order for me  to work into the information that I collected. Meaning that you will know for  sure what did happen to that great Adal Empire, very soon. Concerning your
questions about the people of that nation or what did they become and who are  the descendants, I’m inviting you to click on “People” under “About Awdal”  category and voila!

The Adal of yesterday is the Awdal of today:

First of all, though the Empire that we mention all along was called Adal  Empire, in their mother language (Somali), the people of that nation called  “Cadal”. Translating the word Cadal into Latin gave Adal. With the time, people  changed the word Adal (Cadal) to Awdal and that is how the Awdal of today is  referred to the Adal Empire of yesterday.

The State of Awdal borders  with Djibouti from the North-West, Ethiopia from the West, the former Democratic  Republic of Somalia from the South and, the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea from  the North-East through the entire Easter coastal region. The region has an  estimated land area of 22,000 sq. km and a 170 km long coastline on the Gulf of  Aden and the Red Sea. Awdal experiences three distinct climatic seasons; the
rainy season which starts in March and ends in July, the dry season which starts  in August and lasts until November and a kind of  Mediterranean Fall,  from  December to February. High temperatures of above 35C and 20C are observed along  the coastal settlements during the summer and winter months respectively.  Average annually rainfall is between 450-500 mm. the State of Awdal consists of  four districts: Boroma – with Boroma City as the commercial city, Zeila (Saylac),  Lughaya and Baki (With Baki city as the regional capital city).

As mentioned above, the State of Awdal corresponds to  the former Adal Empire, which became Gadabursi Land under the British colonial,
in the 19th century. Later, it was called Awdal Region until the disintegration  of the dictatorial regime of the former Democratic Republic of Somalia, in 1991.  The Awdalites live in their homeland under the ruling of local  authorities, with freedom. After the collapse of the Somali government in 1991,  Awdalites continued to maintain a stable existence, despite the economic  infrastructure left behind by British and humanitarian organizations assistance  programs. The State of Awdal is one of the African’s largest source of incense  and myrrh, which are forestry products. Also, the Awdal’s chief exports include  livestock, fish, hides and skins and, petroleum products. Nowadays, as one of
the most recently established nation, the State of Awdal presents a new field of  study for scholars and investors.

Ahmad Guray was a Dir Somali  - Abrayn, Maxad Case, Gadabursi subclan  (his mother was a Harari Ethiopian though…) The Dir are the northernmost of  the 6 Somali Clans, They include the Gadabursi of Northwest Somaliland, the  Issa of Djibouti and the Isaq of Central Somaliland.

The capital of Adal Sultanate was Harrar (which was  an Islamic center) and its major ports were Zeila and Sahil (now Berbera) Ahmad
the Left-handed’s army included alot of recently Islamisized Somalis from the  east (like the Ogaden, and Majerteen) and also a lot of Oromo and it also  covered almost all of the Afar regions. It was truly the first and only 100%  Cushitic Empire.

And Ahmed Gurey, did he give the Abbysinians a run for their  money! He conquered lands as deep into the Ethiopian interior as Lake Tana (the
source of the blue Nile) and he was killed in battle there. Only for his wife to  carry on the first Jihad in the Horn of Africa.

Ahmed Gurey was also the first  non European to use cannons and muskets in his warfare

Dir Era (Blogger)

There was also no ills worse to invoke when cursing an enemy than to curse them with war and drought; Col iyo Abaari ku Qaadday or Col iyo Abaari Kula Tagtay are both curses that bid you to be taken away or snatched away by the twin terrors.

Nabad iyo Caano (Peace and Milk) was
the antidote to Col iyo Abaar. And if the rainy season was exceptionally good
and the pasture was abundant, then it was a time of Bashbash iyo Barwaaqo”; a
time of splash and abundance or prosperity”.

For Somali nomads, therefore, Nabad iyo
Caano was their best time, it was for them a time of Nimco Ilaah (God’s bounty).
It was when both people and their livestock and in fact all plants and creatures
on earth had Biyo iyo Baad (water and food). Without rain, Somalis live on dead
earth.

When I met my wife for the first time
many years ago, all she knew about Somalia other than a story she heard as a
child about the Mad Mullah was that: “It was a dry land that came to life after
rain.” Surprisingly, this was the first time in my life that I took note of my
country described in such a graphic and indeed a realistic way. Sometimes, we
need to see ourselves through the eyes of others.

It is no wonder that fatalism holds
sway over the Somali people as their life hangs on the forces of nature and the
Will of God, for who else but: “Allah sends down water from the sky and by it
brings the dead earth back to life. (Surat an-Nahl, 65).

The Somali farmer can throw seeds to
the ground, but he knows that without rain he should not expect to harvest them.
If rain fails to come, then there is nothing he can do but look to the sky and
pray. It was at a moment like this that a Somali farmer expressed his plight in
the following biting lines:

“Illayn laguma doog dhabo hadhuud

Roob an kugu daadan

Cirka meel dushaada ah illayn

Dooxid lama gaadhid…”

Today, the Somali people, as in many
times in the past, face the apocalyptic double hit of Col iyo Abaar.

Of the two, however, it is the Abaar
that devastates the lives of the nomad. It is referred to as Abaar iyo Oodo
Lulul, drought and tree shaking, as Somali nomads shake trees with their
traditional hangools – a kind of a stick with a hook- to fall dry leaves for
their livestock). One can run away from an enemy and avoid the areas of
hostilities, but one cannot escape drought, particularly when it hits across
traditional grazing areas. This is why the collective memory of the Somali
people records the worst droughts that devastated the people through history.

Known by their telltale names that give
graphic description of their catastrophic impacts on people’s lives and
livelihood, some of the best memorized droughts include: Abaalees, the one that
overran everyone and everywhere; Liqa iyo Qutura, the one that swallowed and
stayed unyielding; Arbacadii, the one that started on the year that began on
Wednesday; Xaaraamo Cune, the one during which people were forced to eat the
inedible or legally prohibited food; Hawa Rida, the one that humiliated every
proud person; and Jaahweyn, the one that stared at people in the face for a long
time.

Also remembered are Maadh Gambiya, the
one that devoured all wealth; Hayaan Dheer, the one that forced people to travel
long distances; Siigacase the one with red sandstorms; Jaan Ma Reeba, the one
that didn’t spare a single shoe as even shoes were boiled and eaten for food;
Haarriya, the slow moving and grinding one; Bariis Guradkii, when the people
were forced to eat rice which was an alien grain to the Somali people at the
time; Sima, the equalizer as it made all people equal in misery and penury;
Dooryaanle, the one that was characterized by the enormous quantity of worms it
produced due to the enormous number of carcasses of dead animals around; and
Daba Dheer, the long tailed – the never ending one.

When droughts last long and people and
livestock perish, the only option the surviving people have is to seek refuge in
a place which is mostly far and alien. In the old days the name for this
torturous journey was Daaduun (escaping from famine and poverty). The word
Qaxooti which is today’s parlance for refugees was used in the old days for
people running from war and hostility but not from famine. Just like we see them
doing today, the people on Daaduun would travel as far as their weak legs could
take them, as far as their last drop of water could last them, and as far as the
famished, haggard and malnourished children could make to the nearest graveyard
or the nearest help whichever came first. But today, Somalis are running for Qax
iyo Daaduun -both running from war and from drought’s famine).

Watching the news with my son and
hearing that each day around 1500 people arrive in Kenya, he quipped: “Aabbo, if
the Somalis leave the country in this rate and I know your population is small,
I wonder, if anyone will remain in it.” He is a college student now and I
remember addressing him in a poem I wrote when he was yet unborn telling him
about the misery of the Somali people:

“…Insha Allaahu dhib yari iyo
caafimaad

Waad ku soo dhalane

Ilmayohow la wada dhawraya

Bal an war kuu dhiibo

*

Hadday adiga nabadi kuu
dhantahay

Dheregna aad hayso

Ood caalamkaba dhexdaa
hooyadaa

Moodday dhummucdiisa

Adduunyada dhib baa joogta
iyo

Dhiilo iyo ciile

Dhawrtay isku laayeen tolkay

Dhiigna loo qubaye

Waxa dhagarta loo galay
anaan

Dhiilka la ii shubine

Gobannimadii loo dhaxay
runtii

Gaalka lagu dhoofshay

Haweenkiiba kama dhaashadaan

Dhiilahaan lulaye

Dhul aan kuugu faaniyo ma
lihi

Dhoobo iyo ciide

Dhagax buu Ilaahay ka dhigay

Ani dhankaygiiye

Dhawrkii bilood buu habeen

Dhibic ku tiixaaye

Dhuuni baan ka raadcaynayaa

Qooddi dhabarkiiye

Awr baaban weli dhaansadaa

Dhererka jiilaale

Dhallaankii harraad bay
dhugteen

Dhabarka saarraaye

Ceelkii dhicirta weynaa
beryahan

Looma dhaadhicine

Dadkaygii dhammaayo ma
hadhin

Ruux ad dhugataaye

Iskadaa qabiil nin u dhintuu

Loogay dhirifkiiye

Dhilmaanyaaba weli laysa iyo

Dhaxanta dayreede…” (Laba Dhuux,
1989)

Since then the world has changed beyond
recognition. The Berlin Wall fell, the Soviet Union had collapsed the cold war
had come to an end; the information technology has made the world a global
village. But even after two decades, just like the many decades before, the
conditions remain the same for Africa. Nothing changes in Africa. It is either
war, brother killing a brother, or drought, or both of them. Daaduun and Qaxooti
all along. It is as if time stands still as I referred to it in the following
stanzs:

“…Afrikay dhagax dixeed

Miyaad sidii dheri jajabay

Duleedka u dhooban tahay

Dharaartii soo baxdiyo

Habeenkii loo dhaxaba

Waqtigu ku dul dhereran yahay ?

*

Waa kani dhiigii qulqulay

Haraha dhacadiida ee

Sidii durdur loo dhurtee

Miyaan ciiduba dhergeyn ?

*

Miyaanuu ubad dhallaan

Dhirif li’i seexanayan ?

*

Awrtani dhoomaha sidee

Jiilaallada dheelidiyo

Miyaan dhaankuba degayn ?

*

Samada aan dheehdayeen

Quraanka u dheelmiyiyo

Miyaan ducaduba dhalayn ?… (Dhuxusha Ka
Madoobiyaa, 1999)

Even long before that I was, like many
of my country people, lamenting the centuries old misfortune of my country and
Africa; a misfortune that has become an everlasting viscous circle where the
agony and distress expressed in a poem stands vividly valid over nearly 30 years
as the day it was penned down. It gives me no comfort to read the following poem
Qiiro that I wrote in December 1984 and was listened by many people back then in
audio cassettes to be shocked that the conditions stand the same.

“Qab-qabta waddankeena

Qalaanqalka taagan

Wanaagga la qoomay

Qiyaama jooga

Rasaasta qarxaysa

Qaxootiga daadsan

Abaarta la qiiqay

*

Hooyada qaxarkeega

Ilmaha ka qandhaysan

Qareena u weyday

Ilmada ku qubaysa

*

Odayga qulubkiisa

Dhulkuu qodanaayey

Hashuu u quminaayey

Abaari ka qaaday

*

Carruurta qadoodi

Caloosha qarraadhay

Qorraxda duhurkiiya

Ku beer qadhqadhaysa

*

Intuu qalbigoodu

Ka qoonsan lahaa

Miyuu shir qabiilo

Qalqaashay dadkaygu- (Qiiro,
December 10, 1984). You can the full poem at my
blog.

So is this the destiny of the Somali
people, one may ask? To which I could give a resounding NO; simply because as
Somalis we are not less than other human beings in the world. In fact the Somali
people are a very industrious race with great resilience. Their survival skills
and entrepreneurship are proverbial. We are not also less patriotic than any
other race in the world. On the contrary, one can argue that the root cause of
the current debacle of the Somali people is patriotism went awry. They are the
victims of their own nationhood and their legitimate dream and struggle to unite
their race in one state and under one flag. An unlucky nation in hostile
surroundings, they found themselves like a lone wolf in an unfriendly
environment and a world dumb to their cries for justice.

As frustration breeds desperation and
helplessness, it is natural in such a situation for brothers-in-arms to turn
against one another and descend into a macabre condition of absurd proportions.
The situation turns hellish also when the nature itself plays its hand.

No one can doubt also the hospitality
and the generosity of the Somali people, a character that is deep-rooted in
their nomadic culture. One thing we Somalis lack however is a sense of community
and cultural cohesiveness. Just like our nomadic life when families moved
together, settled together, fought together, died together and survived together
in bloodlines, we still do the same and segregate ourselves in bloodlines even
when we migrated to distant lands.

Visit any metropolitan in the world
such as Nairobi, Dubai, Riyadh, London, Amsterdam, Melbourne, Ottawa,
Minneapolis and Washington D.C and it will take you no time to find where your
clan members gather. You may stay as long as you wish and unless you
deliberately go out of your way to search for old classmates and old friends who
may not be related to you by blood, you may end up not seeing any Somali per se
but your own clan members. We do this while we see other African brothers such
as Ethiopians, Sudanese, Kenyans and others making their own communities despite
their differences in ethnicity, culture, religion and language.

If our brothers from the Horn of Africa
can do, there is no reason why we cannot also do it. But only if we learn that
our short term political differences and interests should not impede our long
term goals to prosper and work together as a community. Only then we will be
able to feel our collective pain, we will be able to lean on each other, and by
pooling the few bucks that each one of us can afford we can make a difference.
One can easily fall, but to rise needs an effort and sometimes a help and I am
sure as Somalis in the Diaspora, we have the capacity and I am sure the desire
to do it, if we appeal to our sense of community and put our political
differences aside.

Being in every corner of the world, I
am sure as Somalis we are today stronger and more resourceful than we have been
at earlier times. All we need is an organized effort to lift the misery of our
people back home with the help of the international community. The misery is not
eternal and the day will come when the media of the world will talk about our
fortunes to the world instead of our misfortunes. And as I sang about the
suffering of our nation, I also sang about my dreams of good days to come. And
come they will if we all adopt and internalize the passion and optimism that
exudes from the following stanzas of the following poem Walbahaarku Wuu Tegi (
the misery will go).

“…Dalkaygow wallaahiye

Warwarkiyo waxyeeladu

Cidna lama walaaloo

Qofna weerka dhiilada

Wehel looma siiyoo

Kuma waaro ciilkee

Waxad wayda haysaba

Waagii dhowaayoo

Walaacani ku haystiyo

Walbahaarku wuu tegi.

*

Wallee maalin dhow waqal

Weelka loo dareershiyo

War caloosha deeqoo

Gaajada badh wiiqoo

Wadnaha ii qaboojiyo

Weedh aan ku diirsado

London waayirkeegani

Waxyigii ilaahiyo

Wada dhalashadeeniyo

Waayaha ka weyneen

Weligii go’ayn iyo

Waadaantan gaaladu

Waddankii ku dhaafteen

Galabtii wadaagniyo

Waayeelka hirarkiyo

Ababshaha wardoonkiyo

BBCiisdu way werin…” (Walbahaarku
Wuu Tegi, 1999)

By: Bashir Goth

Email: bsogoth@yahoo.com

N/B At times like this it may
also be healing to listen to the sad mother’s lullaby “Ha iga
ooyine aamu”

The sudden assassination of John of Kennedy in November 1963 shocked America and the world. The assassination have made many Americans lost trust with the government. Many questions are asked? If the Vietnam war would have been stopped well before 1975, if president Kennedy was never assassinated? Did the 1960s civil rights movement and anti-Vietnam war demonstrations would not had happened, If president Kennedy was not assassinated?  Did the assassination of JFK have contributed to massive activism and civil rights disobedience in the big American cities? Should the Vietnam war would have been escalated as it has been escalated resulting the death of over 68 Americans?

The assassination of four prominent Americans in a span of five years is a mystery which needs to be untangled and carefully studies. How wants all these four American dead? In a very short time America has lost enormous talent and leadership potential. Far reaching mysteries so difficult to decipher. Intrigues and riddles need to be uncovered. Hidden codes and numbers are yet to be decoded or deciphered. These mysteries have bedeviled America and the world for a very a long time, and especially the departed 20th  century.  No one in his right mind will tell you coming down to the truth of this work is easy.
This will be a very difficult, tedious and extensive task. All of the four  men were said to be assassinated by a lone assassin, and the American people and the world did not buy that theory. Can we believe such similar and hasty conclusion of the assassinations of men of such great stature? Though a very long time passed Americans can’t accept the unconvincing conclusions of the Warren Commission, and others who came up with similar conclusions, regarding the pre-mature and violent elimination of some very prominent leaders, and icons. The activities and bizarre stories that surrounded the assassination of these men became mind boggling and fictional to majority of Americans.

Case 1: The assassination of The John F, Kennedy in Dallas Texas:

The mystery of the assassination of JFK created more mysteries than answers. The character and in may the people involved may be used by others. Can be believe men of such low caliber, in terms of education, intellect, social stature and motivation can all of a sudden come with such grand conspiracy to assassinate a great president such as JFK at the Middle of a turbulent time in American History? It was the height of the cold war, the height of the Cuban crisis, the Vietnam war was getting more intense, the height of European decolonization of Africa. What was the purpose of assassinating of our president in such a time when America and the world need great leadership? If you look into lives of the characters the Warren commission told us involved with such a grant plots, such a sinister but gigantic move to assassinate a beloved president in such  turbulent time, you will be surprised. My personal investigation is an  attempt to restart a new open discussion into painful assassinations, that are still vivid in the American psyche. These are conspiracies that will never go away unless they are properly and correctly resolved. The American government also needs to release all documents except those that are irrelevant  to the case. Why the U.S. government can keep the JFK, RFK, and MLK, and M.X assassinations? The four men comprise of one great president, one aspiring president and two civil rights icons MLK and M.X.
CASE II.  Malcolm X

In 1965, at the height of his career, a leading civil leader, a father and a husband Malcolm X. was gunned down in New York city. Two black men were arrested for Malcolm X assassination, but the question nobody answer till today, who killed Malcolm X.? Nobody knows who killed Malcolm X. Nearly fifty years passed since the premature assassination of Malcolm X. and up to know nobody knows who exactly killed Malcolm X.
Case III: Robert F. Kennedy

The nation was still was still reeling from the brutal and painful assassinations of JFK, MLK and Malcolm X when Robert Kennedy representing a new hope, optimistic and possibilities and the Americans adore John, and Martin and Malcolm were flocking to Robert. was also violently assassinated.  He was a very promising presidential contenders and just won the Democratic party’s presidential primary in California when he was gunned down. That was another huge shocker to the American people who just lost MLK few months earlier, Malcolm just three years before that, and JFK John five years prior to that. That assassination was an enormous shocker to the American people. All of a sudden the hope and aspirations of millions of Americans evaporated into a thin air. An imaginable sadness and despair had befallen on the American people. The assassination of four great leaders loved by millions of Americans has changed America for over. The assassination of Robert Kennedy was too much for Americans who in a span of five years violently lost president John F. Kennedy, MLK, Malcolm X. and RFK.

Suleiman Egeh